4/29/2025

Project Assistant Post @ Anna University, Chennai. Last Date to Apply: 12th June 2025

4/29/2025 0
Anna University
Sardar Patel Road
Chennai - 600 025.

Last Date to Apply: 12.05.2025

Applications are invited from eligible, interested, and suitable candidates for thepost ofProject Assistant to work under the CMRG sanctioned project (CMRG2023AME04022) entitled“Hydrogen Separation from Industrial Gas Effluent” under Centre for CompositeMaterials(CCM), College of Engineering Guindy, Anna University. The details of the post are briefedbelow:

💰 Name of the Post: Project Assistant
📅 Last Date to Apply: 12th June 2025
💼 Qualification: M.E / M.Tech in Energy Engineering / Chemical Engineering/ Mechanical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering/Material Science/ Nanotechnology (OR) M.Sc in Chemistry / Physics / Material Science
💰 Emoluments: Rs 25,000 /- Per month

In case there are more number of applicants, a written test will be conducted toshortlist thecandidates. The duly filled application in the prescribed format along with a copy of the degreeandother necessary documents/ certificates must be affixed and submitted to the followingaddressinperson or by post on or before 12.05.2025, 5:00 PM. The envelope containing the applicationmustbesuperscribed as “Application for the Post of Project Assistant_CMRG2023AME04022”andsenttothe following address. The soft copy of the same application with all scanned documents must besentto ccmdirector@annauniv.edu with a cc to sangeetha@annauniv.edu.

For more details and application format, visit the official notification: Click here

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4/25/2025

TNPSC Group - 4 Notification - 2025 || Total Vacancies: 3935 || Last Date to Apply Online: 24.05.2025

4/25/2025 0
Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission
Government of Tamil Nadu
Chennai, Tamilnadu, 

Advt. No.708   Dated: 25.04.2025

TNPSC Group - IV Posts Notification No. 07 / 2025

Total Vacancies: 3935

Last Date to Apply Online: 24.05.2025

Vacancy Details

Name of the Posts: 
1. Village Administrative Officer - 215 Posts
2. Junior Assistant (Non - Security) - 1621 Posts
3. Junior Assistant - 11 Posts
4. Junior Assistant (Security)  & Junior Revenue Inspector - 46 + 239 Posts
5. Junior Executive (Office) - 01 Post
6. Junior Assistant cum Typist - 02 posts
7. Typist - 1100 Posts
8. Steno Typist (Grade - III) - 368
9. Personal Clerk - 02 Posts
10. Assistant - 54 Posts
11. Field Assistant - 19 Posts
12. Forest Guard - 62 Posts
13. Forest Guard with Driving Licence - 35 Posts
14. Forest Watcher - 71 Posts
15. Forest Watcher (Tribal Youth) - 24 Posts
16. Forest Guard - 15 Posts
17. Forest Watch - 50  Posts

Total Vacancies: 3935 Posts

Scale of Pay: Refer Website

Age Limit: as on 01.07.2019 : 
For General Category: 18-30 years
For MBC/DC/BC/BCM: 18-32 years
For SC/SCA/STs: 18-35 years

{No maximum age limit for candidates belonging to SCs, SC(A)s, STs, MBCs/DCs, BCs, BCMs and Destitute Widows of all castes who possess a General Educational Qualification which is higher than the Minimum General Educational Qualification (i.e. who have passed P.U.C / H.S.C / Diploma /Degree}


Educational Qualification: SSLC / 10th Pass

Mode of Selection: Written Examination 

Examination Fee: The examination fee of Rs. 100 (Rupees One hundred only) should be paid at the time of submitting the online application for this recruitment, unless exemption of fee is claimed.

Mode of Payment: On-line Payment

How to apply: Interested and Eligible candidates should apply through Online Only Click Here Online Application 

Important Dates:
Date of Notification - 25.04.2025
Last Date for Submission of Applications - 24.05.2025 11.59 P.M

Date and Time of Written Examination : 
Paper–I General Studies + General Tamil / General English (100 items) (SSLC Std.)   - 12.07.2025 09.30 A.M. to 12.30 P.M

Official Website: www.tnpsc.gov.in or in www.tnpscexams.net. 



Download Syllabus PDF: Click Here


=============================================
TNPSC Previous Questions: Click Here
How to Pass TNPSC Exams: Click Here - 11 Steps to Clear TNPSC Exams
Dinamani TNPSC Model Questions
=============================================

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4/22/2025

புவி தினம் 2025 (ஏப்ரல் 22ம்)

4/22/2025 0

புவி தினம் 2025:

ஏப்ரல் 22ம் நாள் புவி தினம்! 1970 முதல் சுற்றுச்சூழல் பாதுகாப்பு, புவி மாசுபாட்டை எதிர்க்கும் நோக்கில் உலகளவில் கொண்டாடப்படும் இந்த சிறப்பு நாளின் முக்கியத்துவம் பற்றி அறிந்து கொள்ளுங்கள்!



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4/21/2025

General Tamil Handwritten Study Materials (6th Standard to 12th Standard)

4/21/2025 0
General Tamil Handwritten Study Materials (6th Standard to 12th Standard)
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சீனா உலகின் முதல் 10ஜி இணைய சேவையை அறிமுகப்படுத்தியது! – 9,834 எம்பிபிஎஸ் வேகம்!

4/21/2025 0
சீனா உலகின் முதல் 10ஜி இணைய சேவையை அறிமுகப்படுத்தியது! – 9,834 எம்பிபிஎஸ் வேகம்!
உலகில் முதல் முறையாக 10ஜி இணைய சேவையை சீனா அறிமுகப்படுத்தியுள்ளது! ஹுபே மாகாணத்தில் ஹவாய் மற்றும் சீனா யூனிகாம் நிறுவனங்கள் இணைந்து இந்த அதிவேக இணையத்தை செயல்படுத்தியுள்ளன.

2 மணிநேர படத்தை விநாடிகளில் டவுன்லோட் செய்யலாம்!
  • 9,834 எம்பிபிஎஸ் கோப்பை வெறும் 3 மில்லி நொடிகளில் பதிவிறக்கம்!
  • 1,008 எம்பிபிஎஸ் வேகத்தில் பதிவேற்றம்!
இந்த 10ஜி சேவை, 50ஜி பேசிவ் ஆப்டிகல் நெட்வொர்க் (PON) தொழில்நுட்பத்தின் மூலம் இயங்குகிறது. இதற்கு முன்னர் கத்தாரில் 6.8ஜி (618.53 எம்பிபிஎஸ்) வேகமே உலகின் அதிகபட்சமாக இருந்தது.

சீனாவின் பிற மாகாணங்களிலும் விரைவில் 10ஜி சேவை அறிமுகமாகும் என எதிர்பார்க்கப்படுகிறது.

இந்தியாவில்?: இந்தியா தற்போது 5ஜி விரிவாக்கத்தில் முனைப்பாக உள்ளது. 
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NIT Tiruchy Accounts Officer/ Hostel Assistant Manager - 2025

4/21/2025 0
NIT Tiruchy Accounts Officer/ Hostel Assistant Manager - 2025
HOSTEL ADMINISTRATION COMMITTEE 
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, 
HOSTELS TIRUCHIRAPPALLI – 620 015, TAMIL NADU. 

Recruitment for the post of Accounts Officer/ Hostel Assistant Manager  (on Temporary basis)   

Advertisement No.: Advt. NO.: NITTH/REC/Temp/2025/2 dated: 21.04.2025  Date: 21/04/2025 
        
        Applications are invited for recruitment for the post of Accounts Officer/ Hostel Assistant Manager (on Temporary basis). Prescribed application form and other details may be downloaded from the Institute’s website http://www.nitt.edu. 

Accounts Officer: Educational Qualification: Qualification: M.Com/ ICWA / CA Retired Government Accounts Officer / Bank Finance Officer

Hostel Assistant Manager (Female) : Educational Qualification: *Bachelor’s Degree in any discipline *Knowledge in Typing and Computer applications viz., MS office. *Minimum one-year Experience   Salary: As per the minimum wages Act-Semi Skilled. 

Hard copy of the duly filled in prescribed application form along with the supporting documents should be submitted to “The Chief Warden, Hostel Office, NIT Tiruchirappalli- 620015 before the last date: 05.05.2025.

For more details please refer official website: Click Here
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IIT Madras Non-Teaching Recruitment 2025: Apply for 23+ Vacancies

4/21/2025 0
IIT Madras Non-Teaching Recruitment 2025: Apply for 23+ Vacancies
The Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras) has announced a recruitment drive for 23+ non-teaching positions across Group A, B, and C categories. Applications are invited from eligible Indian nationals. Below are key details about the vacancies, pay scales, and application process:

Vacancy Details

Group A Posts

1. Librarian (Deputation): Vacancies: 1 (UR) - Pay Level: AL-14
2. Chief Security Officer: Vacancies: 1 (UR) - Pay Level: 12
3. Deputy Registrar: Vacancies: 2 (1 EWS, 1 OBC) - Pay Level: 12
4. Technical Officer: Vacancies: 1 (UR)-Pay Level: 10
5. Assistant Registrar: Vacancies: 2 (1 EWS, 1 OBC) - Pay Level: 10

Group B Posts
1. Junior Technical Superintendent: Vacancies: 1 (OBC) - Pay Level: 6
2. Junior Superintendent: Vacancies: 5 (2 UR, 1 EWS, 1 OBC, 1 SC) - Pay Level: 6

Group C Posts
1. Junior Assistant: Vacancies: 10 (4 UR, 1 EWS, 3 OBC, 2 SC) - Pay Level: 3

How to Apply
Application Portal: Submit applications online at IIT Madras Recruitment Portal.

Dates:
  • Start Date: April 19, 2025
  • Last Date: May 19, 2025 (05:30 PM IST)
Application Fee:
  • ₹500 (General/OBC/EWS candidates).
  • Exempted for SC/ST/WD/Women candidates.
Documents Required:
  • Educational certificates, experience proofs, category certificates (if applicable), and salary breakup documents.
Key Notes:
  • Submit separate applications for multiple posts.
  • No hard copies required. Retain a printout for future reference.
Important Links
Key Instructions
  • Age relaxation applies for SC/ST/OBC/PwD/Ex-servicemen as per GoI norms.
  • Government employees must submit a No-Objection Certificate (NOC) during document verification.
  • Selection includes written tests (in English) and interviews.
  • No TA/DA will be provided for attending the selection process.
  • Act Now! Ensure eligibility and apply before the deadline. For complete details, refer to the official advertisement PDF on the IIT Madras recruitment portal.
  • Last Date: May 19, 2025 
  • Official Website: https://recruit.iitm.ac.in
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4/11/2025

Project Assistant Post in University College of Engineering Pannuti - 2025

4/11/2025 0
Project Assistant Post in University College of Engineering Pannuti - 2025
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, 
University College of Engineering Pannuti
Pannuti - 607106
Position Details

Name of the Post: Project Assistant

Number of Positions: 01

Project Title: Regenerative Electric Vehicles with Swapping of Batteries and Integrated Cooling System Using Arduino Microcontroller

Funding Agency: Chief Minister’s Research Grant (CMRG)

Department: Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University College of Engineering Pannuti

Qualifications Required: Candidates must hold one of the following degrees:

  • M.E. in Power Systems Engineering
  • M.E./M.Tech. in Power Electronics and Drives
  • M.E./M.Tech. in Manufacturing Engineering or Manufacturing Science and Engineering

Salary: Consolidated Pay: ₹25,000 per month


Note: This is a temporary position extendable based on performance.

How to Apply: 

Application Format: Use Annexure-I (provided in the official notification).

Documents Required:

  • Self-attested copies of degree certificates, mark sheets, and experience certificates (if applicable).
  • Evidence of qualifying exams (GATE, NET, etc.), research publications, awards, or patents.

Submission - Send applications by post to:

The Head of the Department,
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
University College of Engineering Pannuti,
Pannuti - 607 106.

Mention “Application for the post of Project Assistant CMRG2023AEE03020” on the envelope.

Deadline: 12th April 2025 (Applications received after this date will not be considered).

Important Information

Interview: Only shortlisted candidates will be notified. Carry original certificates for verification.

No TA/DA: Travel or accommodation expenses will not be reimbursed.

Temporary Position: Initial engagement is temporary; extension depends on project requirements and performance.

Contact Details
Principal Investigators:
Dr. S.P. Mangaiyarkarasi (Assistant Professor & Head of Department)
Dr. S. Muthukumaran (Faculty, Department of EEE)
Address: University College of Engineering Pannuti (Constituent College of Anna University), Pannuti - 607 106.

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CFTRI Junior Secretariat Assistant, Stenographer & Technical Assistant Recruitment 2025

4/11/2025 0
CFTRI Junior Secretariat Assistant, Stenographer & Technical Assistant Recruitment 2025

CSIR–Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI) Recruitment 2025

Post Name: 2025 Junior Secretariat Assistant, Stenographer & Technical Assistant

Key Details:

  • Organization: CSIR-CFTRI, Mysuru (Govt. of India)
  • Job Type: Direct Recruitment
  • Total Vacancies: 34 (See table below)
  • Pay Scale: Level-2 (₹19,900 – ₹63,200) to Level-6 (₹35,400 – ₹1,12,400) as per 7th CPC
  • Age Limit: Up to 27–28 years (as on closing date; relaxations apply*)
  • Application Mode: Online
  • Application Deadlines:
    • For Junior Secretariat Assistant & Stenographer: 07-04-2025 (10:00 AM) to 07-05-2025 (11:59 PM)
    • For Technical Assistant: 10-04-2025 (10:00 AM) to 10-05-2025 (11:59 PM)
  • Official Website: https://cftri.res.in or https://recruitment.cftri.res.in

Vacancy Details:

Advertisement No.

Position

Vacancies

Pay Level (7th CPC)

Age Limit

Application Dates

Rec. 02/2025

Junior Secretariat Assistant

10**

Level-2 (₹19,900–63,200)

28 Years

07-04-2025 to 07-05-2025

Rec. 02/2025

Junior Stenographer

06**

Level-4 (₹25,500–81,100)

27 Years

07-04-2025 to 07-05-2025

Rec. 03/2025

Technical Assistant

18

Level-6 (₹35,400–1,12,400)

28 Years

10-04-2025 to 10-05-2025

How to Apply:

  1. Visit CSIR-CFTRI’s official website: https://cftri.res.in → Recruitments section.
  2. Click on the relevant advertisement and submit the online application within the specified dates.
  3. Check for updates/corrigendum on the website regularly.
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4/08/2025

TNPSC - Important Amendments of the Indian Constitution Download PDF

4/08/2025 0
TNPSC - Important Amendments of  the Indian Constitution PDF Download: Click Here

 Important Amendments to the Indian Constitution
  • The Constitution (31st Amendment) Act, 1973—It increases the upper limit of representation of the States to the Lok Sabha from 500 to 525 and decreases the existing limit for Union Territories from 25 to 20.
  • The Constitution (34th Amendment) Act, 1974 — It seeks to extend protection to the ‘States’ land ceiling laws and land tenure reforms from litigation.
  • The Constitution (36th Amendment) Act, 1975 — By this Act Sikkim became the 22nd State of the Indian Union.
  • The Constitution (37th Amendment) Bill, 1975—Was passed by the Parliament on April 26, 1975, to provide for a Legislative Assembly and a Council of Ministers for Arunachal Pradesh.
  • The Constitution (38th Amendment) Act, 1975—By this Act, President’s ‘satisfaction’ in declaring emergency has been made nonjusticeable.
  • The Constitution (39th Amendment) Act, 1975—The Act provides that disputes relating to the election of the President, Vice-President, Prime Minister and Speaker shall be determined by a forum to be determined by Parliamentary law which shall not be called in question in any court.
  • The Constitution (40th Amendment) Act, 1976—This amendment extends the scope of Article 277 relating to the territorial waters to include sovereignty over the Exclusive Economic Zone and to enlarge the list of entries in the Ninth Schedule to give protection to 64 State and Central laws, mostly pertaining to land reforms.
  • The Constitution (41st Amendment) Act, 1976—It raises the age of retirement of the chairman and members of the State Public Service Commission from 60 to 62.
  • The Constitution (42nd Amendment) Act, 1976—The Act introduced comprehensive changes in the Constitution, some of which are as follows. (i) Provision of Fundamental Duties, (ii) Directive Principles made justiceable and given precedence over Fundamental Rights, (iii) Division of jurisdiction between the Supreme Court and the High Courts in the matter of determination of the constitutional validity of Central and State laws, (iv) Limitation of the jurisdiction of High Courts in certain respects, (v) Provision for creation of Administrative Tribunals for adjudication for service matters, (vi) Inclusion of Education and certain other subjects in the Concurrent List, (vii) Provision for dealing with antinational and communal activities, (viii) Provision for amending Article 368 of the Constitution to give emphasis on the mutability of the Constitution and every part thereof.
  • The Constitution (43rd Amendment) Act, 1978—The President gave assent to the Constitution (43rd Amendment) Act, on April 13, 1978 which repeals the obnoxious provisions of the Constitution (42nd Amendment) Act passed during the emergency.
  • The Act seeks to restore civil liberties by deleting Article 31D which gave powers to Parliament to curtail even legitimate trade union activity under the guise of legislation for the prevention of anti-national activities.
  • The new law also restores legislative powers to the States to make appropriate provision for anti-national activities consistent with Fundamental Rights.
  • The Judiciary has also been restored to its rightful place. The Supreme Court will now have power to invalidate State laws, a power taken away by the 42nd Amendment Act. The High Courts will also be able to go into the question of Constitutional validity of Central Laws, a power taken away be the 42nd Amendment Act.
  • The Constitution (44th Amendment) Act, 1979—This Amendment, reverses many of the provisions of the 42nd Amendment and also makes far reaching changes in many of the provisions of the Constitution, the chief of which are as follows :
  • The Right to Property has been deleted from the list of Fundamental Rights. It has now become as ordinary legal right.
  • The Amendment provides for safeguards against misuse of executive powers and indiscriminate imposition of Emergency. To ensure that Emergency powers are properly exercised the Amendment provides a number of safeguards.
  • The Act provides that the fundamental right to life and liberty cannot be demolished even during the operation of Emergency.
  • Another important provision of the amendment is Article 361-A. The right of information media, especially the press has been guaranteed to report freely and without censorship the proceedings in Parliament and State Legislatures.
  • The term of Parliament and State Legislatures has been reduced from six to five years. It may be remembered that term of Parliament and the State Legislatures was raised from 5 to 6 years by the 42 Amendment Act. In this way the pre 42nd Amendment position has been restored.
  • According to another provision, a law for preventive detention cannot authorize, in any case, detention for a longer period than two months, unless an advisory board has reported that there is sufficient cause for such detention.
  • The Presidential proclamation regarding the break down of constitutional machinery in a state issued under Article 356 would be in force only for a period of six months in the first instance. It cannot, however, exceed one year ordinarily.
  • The Constitution 45th Amendment, 1980—The President on April 14, 1980 gave assent to the 45th Constitution (Amendment) Bill which extends reservation for scheduled Tribes in the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies, representation of Anglo-Indian by nomination for a further period of 10 years.
  • The Constitution (49th Amendment) Act, 1985—The aim of the amendment (of Article 356) was to enable the central Government to extend President’s rule in Punjab, if necessary, for a period of one year beyond Oct. 5, 1985. Under the Constitutional provisions, President’s rule cannot be continued for more than one year at a time.
  • The Constitution (52nd Amendment) Act, 1985—The Act has made defection to another party, after elections, illegal. Any member defecting to another party after elections will be disqualified from being member of Parliament or State legislature.
  • The Constitution (53rd Amendment) Act, 1986—The Act grants Statehood to the Union Territory of Mizoram, thus making it the 23rd State of the Indian Unions.
  • The Constitution (54th Amendment) Act, 1986—The Act revised the salary scales of Supreme Court and High Court Judges. According to the provisions of the Act the salary of the Chief Justice of India was raised to Rs. 10‚000 per month, that of other Judges of the Supreme Court and the Chief Justices of High Courts to Rs. 9‚000 and that of other Judges of High Courts to Rs. 8‚000 per month.
  • The Constitution (55th Amendment) Act, 1986 and the State of Arunachal Pradesh Bill, 1986—The Bill vests special powers in the Government besides stipulating that the new State Assembly shall consist of not less than 30 members. The second provides for the establishment of the new State of Arunachal Pradesh. The Bill has already become an Act.
  • The Constitution (56th Amendment) Act, 1987—This amendment gave statehood to Goa, Goa now becomes the 25th State of India. Daman and Diu remain a separate Union Territory.
  • The Constitution (57th Amendment) Act, 1987—This Bill provides for reservation in the legislative assemblies of 4 North-Eastern States.
  • The Constitution (58th Amendment) Act, 1987—Hindi Version of the Constitution accepted officially.
  • The Constitution (59th Amendment) Act, 1988—This Bill provides for the imposition of Emergency in Punjab due to internal disturbances and extension of President’s Rule upto a maximum of three years.
  • The Constitution (60th Amendment) Act, 1988—The state governments have been empowered under this Act to increase the professional tax from Rs. 250 to Rs. 2500 per annum.
  • The Constitution (61st Amendment) Act, 1989—Voting age is reduced from 21 years to 18 years.
  • The Constitution (62nd Amendment) Act, 1989—The 9th Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha passed this Bill in Dec. 1989. It proposes to secure reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes for another period of 10 years. After this Bill became an Act.
  • The Constitution (63rd Amendment) Act, 1989—Repealed Amendment 59 empowering government to impose emergency in Punjab.
  • The Constitution (64th Amendment) Act, 1990—The Act extends President’s rule in Punjab for six months from May 11, 1990. This Act was introduced as 65th Amendment Bill.
  • The Constitution (65th Amendment) Act, 1990—The Act provided statutory status to the commission for Scheduled Castes and Tribes.
  • The Constitution (66th Amendment) Act, 1990—This Act added more Land Reforms Acts in the Ninth Schedule to the constitution after entry 202.
  • The Constitution (67th Amendment) Act, 1991—Was introduced and passed by the Parliament on Oct. 4, 1990. It extends President’s rule in Punjab for 6 months from Nov. 11, 1990.
  • The Constitution (68th Amendment) Act, 1991—Was introduced as 75th Amendment Bill. It extended President’s rule in Punjab for one year, i.e. upto a total period of five years (from May 11, 1987 to May 1, 1992).
  • The Constitution (69th Amendment) Act, 1991—The name of Union Territory changed to National Capital Area. It will have 70 member Assembly.
  • The Constitution (70th Amendment) Act, 1992—Members of Pondicherry Assembly and members of the proposed Assembly of Delhi given right to elect the President.
  • The Constitution (71st Amendment) Act, 1992—Nepalese, Konkani and Manipuri added to the Eight scheduled (Languages) as recognised languages in the constitution.
  • The Constitution (72nd Amendment) Act, 1992—For restoring peace and harmony in the areas of the State of Tripura where disturbed conditions prevailed, a Memorandum of settlement was signed by the Government of India with Tripura National Volunteers on August 12, 1988.
  • The Constitution (73rd Amendment) Act, 1992—It is concerning Panchayati Raj.
  • The Constitution (74th Amendment) Act, 1992—It is regarding Municipal Boards and Corporations.
  • The Constitution (77th Amendment) Act, 1993—Regarding establishment of Tribunals to decide tenancy disputes between tenants and house owners.
  • The Constitution (78th Amendment) Act, 1995—Land Reforms of Bihar, Karnataka, Kerala, Orissa, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and W. Bengal included in 9th schedule of the Constitution.
  • The Constitution (79th Amendment) Act, 1999—It extends reservation of seats in Parliament and State Assemblies for SCs and STs for another 10 years beyond 2000. The President gave his assent on Jan. 24, 2000.
  • The Constitution (80th Amendment) Act, 2000—Relates to the revenue sharing between the Centre and the States whereby States’ over-all share was increased to 29% as per the Tenth Finance Commission’s recommendation.
  • The Constitution (81st Amendment) Act, 2000—Relates to carrying forward backlog vacancies of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
  • The Constitution (82nd Amendment) Act, 2000—Relates to relaxation in qualifying marks and reservation of posts in super speciality courses in Medical and Engineering disciplines, etc. for Scheduled Castes / Tribes etc. (Both 81st and 82nd amendments were made in supersession of Supreme Court’s judgements).
  • The Constitution (83rd Amendment) Act, 2000—Relates to the reservation of seats under Panchayati Raj in Arunachal Pradesh.
  • The Constitution (84th Amendment) Act, 2001—The Act amended provisos to Articles 82 and 170 (3) of the constitution to readjust and rationalise the territorial constituencies in the States, without altering the number of seats allotted to each State in the House of People and Legislative Assemblies of the States, including the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes constituencies, on the basis of the population ascertained at the census for the year 1991 so as to remove the imbalance caused due to uneven growth of population/electorate in different constituencies. Note—By a later amendment the year 1991 has been substituted by the year 2001.
  • The Constitution (85th Amendment) Act, 2001-02—It provides for the benefit of reservation in promotions in government jobs to the members of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes.
  • The Constitution (86th Amendment) Act, 2002—It makes school education as a fundamental right for all children between the ages 6–14. It inserts a new article 21A, after article 21, which provides that State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of six to fourteen years in such a manner as the State may, by law, determine. Also, it directs the state in article 45 to provide early childhood care and education for all children until they complete the age of six years.
  • The Constitution (87th Amendment) Act, 2003 - It substitutes the figures ‘2001’ for the figures ‘1991’ in articles 81, 82, 170 and 330.
  • The Constitution (88th Amendment) Act, 2003 - It makes minor amendments in articles 268, 269 and 270 and in the Seventh Schedule to the constitution, in list-1 union list, after entry 92B, the following entry shall be inserted namely : “92 C Taxes on services.”
  • The Constitution (89th Amendment) Act, 2003 - It amends article 338 and inserts new article 338A. Thereby providing for separate National Commissions for Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes.
  • The Constitution (90th Amendment) Act, 2003 - In this amendment, in article 332 of the constitution, in clause (6), the following provision shall be inserted, namely“Provided that for elections to the Legislative Assembly of the State of Assam, the representation of the Scheduled Tribes and nonscheduled tribes in the constituencies included in the Bodoland Territorial Areas District, so notified and existing prior to the constitutions of Bodoland Territorial Areas District, shall be maintained.
  • The Constitution (91st Amendment) Act, 2003 - This amendment limits the size of the Council of Minister both at the Centre and the States to 15 per cent of the strength of the legislature with the maximum number 12 in smaller states, where the strength of the legislature is 40. The Act also debars the defectors from holding any office of profit under the government for the rest of the duration of the legislature or until reelection which is earlier, besides terminating their seats in the Lok Sabha or the Legislature Assembly as the case may be.
  • The Constitution (92nd Amendment) Act, 2003 - This amendment has added three more languages in the 8th schedule of the constitution raising the number of the languages to 22. Those languages are : Maithili, Dogri, Bodo and Santhali.
  • The Constitution (93rd Amendment) Act - It provides for reservation in admissions in unaided private educational institutions for students belonging to Scheduled Castes/ Scheduled Tribes and other Backward Classes. The concerned Bill was passed by Parliament in December 2005. The President gave his assent to the Bill in February 2006.
  • The Constitution (94th Amendment) Act - The President has given his assent to the Constitution (Ninety-Fourth Amendment) Bill, 2006 as passed by Parliament. The legislation excludes Bihar from the provision of clause (1) of Article 164 of the Constitution which provides that there shall be a Minister in charge of Tribal welfare who may in addition be in charge of the welfare of Scheduled Castes and Backward Classes in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa. It also proposes to extend the provision of clause (1) of Article 164 to the newly formed states of Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand.
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Single Words Notes - Important Amendments of the Indian Constitution
  • 1st Amendment 1951 : Added Ninth Schedule.
  • 2nd Amendment 1956 : Necessitated on account of reorganization of States on a linguistic basis.
  • 8th Amendment 1959 : Extended special provisions for reservations of seats for SCs, STs and Anglo – Indians in Lok Sabha and Leg. Assemblies for a period of 10 years from 1960 to 1970.
  • 9th Amendment 1960 : Gave effect to transfer certain territories to Pakistan following the 1958 Indo – Pak agreement.
  • 10th Amendment 1961 : Incorporated Dadra & Nagar Haveli as a UT.
  • 12th Amendment 1962 : Incorporated Goa, Daman & Diu as a UT.
  • 13th Amendment 1962 : Created Nagaland as a State.
  • 14th Amendment 1963 : Pondicherry, Karaikal, Mahe and Yanam, the former French territories were included in the schedule as UT of Pondicherry
  • 18th Amendment 1966 : Reorganized Punjab into Punjab, Haryana and UT of Chandigarh.
  • 21st Amendment 1967 : Included Sindhi as the Fifteenth Regional language.
  • 22nd Amendment 1969 : Created a sub – state of Meghalaya within Assam.
  • 23rd Amendment 1969 : Extended the reservation of seats for SC / ST and nomination of Anglo – Indians for a further period of 10 years (till 1 980).
  • 26th Amendment 1971 : Abolished the titles and special privileges of former rulers of princely states.
  • 27th Amendment 1971 : Established Manipur and Tripura as States and Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh as UTs.
  • 31st Amendment 1973 : Increased the elective strength of LS from 525 to 545.The upper limit of representatives of States went up from 500 to 525.
  • 36th Amendment 1975 : Made Sikkim a State.
  • 38th Amendment 1975 : Provided that the President can make a declaration of emergency, and the promulgation of ordinances by the President, Governors and the Administrative Heads of UTs would be final and could not be challenged in any court. It also authorized the President to declare different kinds of emergencies.
  • 39th Amendment 1975 : Placed beyond challenge in courts, the election to Parliament of a person holding the office of PM or Speaker and election of the President and Prime Minister.
  • 42nd Amendment 1976 : Provided supremacy of Parliament and gave primacy to Directive Principles over Fundamental Rights. It also added 10 Fundamental Duties. New words – Socialist, Secular and Unity and Integrity of the Nation, were added in the preamble.
  • 44th Amendment 1978 : The Right to Property was deleted from Part III. Article 352 was amended to provide ‘Armed Rebellion’ as one of the circumstances for declaration of emergency.
  • 45th Amendment 1985 : Extended reservation for SC / ST by another 10 years (till 1990).
  • 52nd Amendment 1985 : Added the Tenth Schedule (regarding anti – defection).
  • 53rd Amendment 1986 : Mizoram was made a state.
  • 55th Amendment 1986 : Conferred statehood to Arunachal Pradesh.
  • 56th Amendment 1987 : Hindi version of the Constitution of India was accepted for all purposes.The UT of Goa, Daman and Diu was divided and Goa was made a State. Daman and Diu remained as a UT.
  • 61th Amendment 1989 : Reduced the voting age from 21 to 1 8 years for the LS as well as Assemblies. Also extended reservation of seats for SC / ST till 2000 AD.
  • 71st Amendment 1992 : Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali were included in the VIII Schedule and Panchayati Raj Bill Provided among other things Gram Sabha in Villages, constitution of panchayats at the village and other levels, direct elections to all seats in panchayats and reservation of seats for the SC and ST and fixing of tenure of 5 years for panchayats.
  • 74th Amendment 1993 : (Nagarpalika Bill) Provides for, among other things, constitution of three types of municipalities, reservation of seats in every municipality for the SC and ST, women and the backward classes.
  • 82nd Amendment 2000 : Reinstalled the provision of reservation of SC and STs in matters related to promotion.Besides, the qualifying marks for passing an examination for them have also been lowered. 
  • 84th Amendment 2001 : Extended freeze on Lok Sabha and State Assembly seats till 2026.
  • 86th Amendment 2002 : Makes education a fundamental right for children in the age group of 6 – 14 years.
  • 87th Amendment 2003 : Made the 2001 census the basis for delimitation of constituencies of the Lower House of Parliament (Lok Sabha) and State assemblies (Vidhan Sabhas).
  • 91st Amendment 2003 : Amended the Anti – Defection Law and also made a provision that the number of ministers in the Central & State Govts, cannot be more than 15% of the strength of Lok Sabha & respected Vidhan Sabha.
  • 92nd Amendment 2003 : Bodo, Maithili, Santhali and Dogri added into the VIII Schedule.
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