6th Standard History Important Short Notes for TNPSC / UPSC Exams: Download as PDF
Unit 2-Human Evolution
Unit 2-Human Evolution
Anthropology And Archaeology:
Archaeology: Archaeology is the study of pre historic
humans remained materials used by pre historic humans. The main source for
archaeological studies is excavated material remains.
Anthropology:Anthropology
is the study of humans and evolutionary history.The word anthropology is
derived from two Greek words: anthropos meaning "man" or
"human"; and logos, meaning "thought" or
"reason."
Radio carbon dating:
Radio carbon dating is a technique used to ascertain the period. It was found
out that the foot prints of humans they had discovered were about 3.5 millions
years old.
Human
Evolution:
- Before 460 crores years earth evolves.
- Before 20 lakhs years man starts to walk.
- Before 3 lakhs years man spread over the earth.
- Before 8000 years human started cultivation
- Before 5000 years human started civilization
Stage Name
|
Time Period
|
Features
|
Australopithecus
|
Between
4-2 million years ago
|
Walking
on two legs
|
Homo
habilis
|
Between
2.3-1.4 million years ago
|
Tool
maker.
|
Homo
erectus
|
1.8
million years ago
|
Fire
invention.
|
Neanderthal
|
Between
130000-40000 years ago
|
Hunting
|
Homo
Sapiens
|
300000
years ago
|
Weapon
making
|
Cromagnons
|
50000
years ago in the eastern Africa and 40000 years ago in the West Asia and in
south-eastern Europe
|
Present
Human
|
Nomadic:
Herdsmen without any fixed home moving about in search of pastures for their
cattle.
Barter:
Exchange of goods without involving money.
Evolution:
The gradual change leading to a more advanced development. In other words, evolution
means the process in which humankind changes and develops into an advanced
stage.
Pre-Historic
Rock Art of Tamilnadu :
- Keelvalai -Villupuram
- Usilampatti - Madurai
- Kumuthipathi – Coimbatore
- Mavadaippu - Coimbatore
- Porivarai cave-karikaiyur Nilgris
- Australopithecus - East Africa
- Homohabilis - South Africa
- Homoerectus - Africa and Asia
- Neanderthal - Eurasia (Europe and Asia)
- Cro-Magnons - France
- Peking - China
- Homo sapiens - Africa
- Heidelbergs - London
1. Humans in erect
position and walking on two legs happened much later.
2. Changes in thumb so
that they can hold things tightly.
3. Development of
brain.
What
is the main cause in the formation of different races?
Homo sapiens migrated out of eastern Africa settled in different parts of the world. Their
lifestyle also evolved and they made it suitable to the environment where they
lived. So humans in different places adopted different forms of lifestyle.
Based on the weather, climate and nature of the living place, their physique
and complexion also differed. This resulted in the formation of different
races.
Advancement in Human With Passage Of Time:
Hunting
and Food Gathering:
Hunting
Methods:
1. Go as a group and
hunt the prey.
2. Dig a pit and trap
the animals and hunt.
Stone
Tools and Weapons: Humans with the help of the flint made
sharp weapons and tools.
Art
of Flaking:Keeping a stone in the
bottom and sharpening it with another stone.To make a stone tool,
two stones were taken. One was used as a hammer to sharpen the other for
removing flakes.
Fire:
Fire
was used by early human to protect him from predators, for cooking food and for
the light during night.
Invention of the Wheel:
The invention of wheel is considered to be the foremost invention. human
invention was the wheel. This was the first scientific invention of humans
using their brain and cognitive skills.
Pot Making: Invention
of wheel made pot making easier. This step help them save and store their food and other materials.
Ancient
Rock Paintings:
Before the use of
language, humans expressed their feelings through actions and also recorded it
in rock paintings. In this way, the rock paintings give some information about
the past.In India, we can see many paintings in rocks and caves. Approximately
there are 750 caves, in which 500 caves have paintings. The rock paintings
depict hunting pictures of the male and the female, dancing pictures and
pictures of children playing. We get knowledge about the past lifestyle through
rock paintings.
From
Nomadic to Settled Life : The World’s Earliest Farmers:
The seed of fruits and
the nuts they ate were thrown into the soil. During rains, the soil gave it
life. Some days later, the saplings sprouted from the soil. By observation and
logic, they learn that:
- plant grows from a single seed and yields lots of fruits and vegetables.
- seeds that fall in the river beds sprout easily.
- plants grow faster in water fed areas.
- alluvial soil is more suitable for plant growth than any other.
Man realised that with proper sowing and nurturing, they could increase the number
of plants more than the ones that grew naturally. Thus agriculture and farming
came into existence. They domesticated the animals and used them in their
farming.It enabled them to settle down in a place.
Human And The domestication of
animals:
They found out that the
dogs could sniff other animals and chase them away. So humans found them useful
for hunting. Thus dogs became the first animal to be domesticated by humans.
Following the dogs, they started domesticating hen, goat and cow.
Trade and commerce
developed and towns and cities emerged (Barter System):
With the permanent settlement human learn agriculture and slowly
developed skills of handicraft. This permanent settlement in a place increased the
yield of crops. Now they had grains in excess of what they consumed. The
surplus grains were exchanged with other groups for the other things they were
in need of. This is called the barter system. Thus trade and commerce developed
and towns and cities emerged.
- Cromagnons learned to live in caves.
- Lascaus caves in France is the evidence for cave living of Cromagnons. They habitude to bury the dead.
- Even today in the villages of Nilgiris district in Tamil Nadu, people have the habit of making fire without use of match box.
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